tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28223992996652957862024-02-08T05:58:16.788-08:00Graff Nuc MedThis is the class blog for my class on Nuclear Medicine PhysicsDavid S. Graff PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12146194033997671231noreply@blogger.comBlogger14125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2822399299665295786.post-15560214343583795062009-07-18T17:45:00.000-07:002009-07-18T17:53:03.659-07:00New teacherDear students,<div><br /></div><div>As you may have heard, I found out on Friday that Lehigh Valley Hospital has terminated my contract and I won't be teaching your class anymore. I'm deeply disappointed. Teaching you had been the high point of my work at the hospital, and I wish I could have finished the semester.</div><div><br /></div><div>Teaching has always been important for me, and I've applied for a couple of faculty positions at local universities. Normally, I would submit comments from teacher evaluation forms as part of my application, but we won't have time to do that. It would be a great help for me if you could write a paragraph or two about what you think of me as a teacher and email it to me. I don't know if all the students check this blog, so please tell your friends. My email is David dot S dot Graff at gmail dot com.</div>David S. Graff PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12146194033997671231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2822399299665295786.post-41441222060211712942009-07-16T10:06:00.000-07:002009-07-16T10:21:23.476-07:00Notes for radioactive decay mathematicsFor today's class, I based my lecture on <a href="http://depts.washington.edu/nucmed/IRL/nmphysics_fall07/DecayOfRadioact_RES07.pdf">notes</a> from the <a href="http://depts.washington.edu/nucmed/IRL/education.shtml">Imaging Research Laboratory</a> at the University of Washington. You may find other notes from this course to be useful. You may also want to check out the Hyperphysics page on <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/nuclear/halfli2.html#c1">half life</a>, and the Wikipedia pages on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_decay">exponential decay</a> , <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_life">half life</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becquerel">becquerel</a>. You may also enjoy the Wikipedia page on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie">Marie Curie</a>.David S. Graff PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12146194033997671231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2822399299665295786.post-20652573566462679342009-07-14T10:49:00.001-07:002009-07-14T10:51:40.992-07:00How to ask questionsOne of the students asked if he could email me with some questions. The answer is, yes of course you can always email me. However, consider posting your question as a comment on this blog! That way, everyone can see the question and my response. If you have a question, its likely your classmates do too.<div><br /></div><div>If you email me a question, unless you ask otherwise, I may post it on this blog if I think that other students can benefit from the question and its response.</div>David S. Graff PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12146194033997671231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2822399299665295786.post-72154612463398800242009-07-14T10:31:00.000-07:002009-07-14T10:48:12.656-07:00Types of radioactive decayIn case you haven't yet looked at it, check out the Hyperphysics pages on <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/radact.html#c2">alpha</a>, <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/beta.html#c2">beta</a>, and <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/radact2.html#c1">gamma</a> radiation and <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/rdpath.html#c1">decay paths</a>.<br /><br />Here are my class notes:<br /><div style="width:425px;text-align:left" id="__ss_1720733"><a style="font:14px Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;display:block;margin:12px 0 3px 0;text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/david.s.graff/types-of-radioactive-decay" title="Types of radioactive decay">Types of radioactive decay</a><object style="margin:0px" width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=typesofdecay-090714124121-phpapp02&stripped_title=types-of-radioactive-decay" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"/><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/><embed src="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=typesofdecay-090714124121-phpapp02&stripped_title=types-of-radioactive-decay" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"></embed></object><div style="font-size:11px;font-family:tahoma,arial;height:26px;padding-top:2px;">View more <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/">documents</a> from <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/david.s.graff">David Graff</a>.</div></div>David S. Graff PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12146194033997671231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2822399299665295786.post-44884905440322583802009-07-09T11:19:00.000-07:002009-07-09T11:55:49.150-07:00<p>Class notes from the first class:</p><div style="width:425px;text-align:left" id="__ss_1701851"><a style="font:14px Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;display:block;margin:12px 0 3px 0;text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/david.s.graff/structure-of-matter" title="Structure Of Matter">Structure Of Matter</a><object style="margin:0px" width="425" height="355"><embed src="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=structureofmatter-090709131820-phpapp01&stripped_title=structure-of-matter" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"></embed></object><div style="font-size:11px;font-family:tahoma,arial;height:26px;padding-top:2px;">View more <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/">documents</a> from <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/david.s.graff">David Graff</a>.</div></div> <br /><p>Here are some useful websites mentioned in the class:</p><p><a href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/">Nudat</a> is an online collection of nuclear data.</p><p>Hyperphysics has nice articles on <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/nucene/nucbin.html#c1">nuclear binding energy</a>, <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/nuclear/nucstructcon.html#c1">nuclear structure</a>, <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/nuclear/shell.html#c1">Shell Model</a>, <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/nuclear/liqdrop.html#c1">Liquid Drop model</a>, and others.</p>David S. Graff PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12146194033997671231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2822399299665295786.post-27513894099049426562009-07-09T10:40:00.000-07:002009-07-09T11:06:31.998-07:00New School Year<p>Welcome to the class blog for Nuclear Medicine Physics at Lehigh Valley Hospital. This class is taught at Lehigh Valley Hospital for students who are planning to become nuclear medicine technologists.</p><p>You may find older postings below. These postings are from last year's class and will be reposted and updated when we come back to the same material this year.</p><p>The syllabus for the class:<br /></p><a title="View SYLLABUS NMT 421 Physics of Nuclear Medicine on Scribd" href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/17235036/SYLLABUS-NMT-421-Physics-of-Nuclear-Medicine" style="margin: 12px auto 6px auto; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none; display: block; text-decoration: underline;">SYLLABUS NMT 421 Physics of Nuclear Medicine</a> <object codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,0,0" id="doc_37701752557172" name="doc_37701752557172" classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" align="middle" height="500" width="100%" rel="media:document" resource="http://d.scribd.com/ScribdViewer.swf?document_id=17235036&access_key=key-ds6dqjp0ddojco9v9xv&page=1&version=1&viewMode=" media="http://search.yahoo.com/searchmonkey/media/" dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"> <param name="movie" value="http://d.scribd.com/ScribdViewer.swf?document_id=17235036&access_key=key-ds6dqjp0ddojco9v9xv&page=1&version=1&viewMode="> <param name="quality" value="high"> <param name="play" value="true"> <param name="loop" value="true"> <param name="scale" value="showall"> <param name="wmode" value="opaque"> <param name="devicefont" value="false"> <param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff"> <param name="menu" value="true"> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"> <param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"> <param name="salign" value=""> <embed src="http://d.scribd.com/ScribdViewer.swf?document_id=17235036&access_key=key-ds6dqjp0ddojco9v9xv&page=1&version=1&viewMode=" quality="high" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" play="true" loop="true" scale="showall" wmode="opaque" devicefont="false" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="doc_37701752557172_object" menu="true" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" salign="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" align="middle" height="500" width="100%"></embed> </object> <br /><br /><hline><br /><p>A text version:</p><p>NMT 421 Physics of Nuclear Medicine<br />Fall 2009<br /><br />Instructors<br />David S. Graff Ph.D.<br />E-mail: David_S.Graff@lvh.com<br /><br />“The materials used in this course may include copyright protected materials<br />provided for the personal educational use of the enrolled students and may not be<br />further distributed.”<br />“While the provisions of this syllabus are as accurate and complete as possible,<br />the instructor reserves the right to change any provision herein. Students will<br />be notified of any changes and it is the responsibility of each student to know<br />what changes, if any, have been made to the provisions of this syllabus and to<br />successfully complete the requirements of this course.<br /><br />GRADING:<br />Homework & Labs: 10%<br />Quizzes: 25%<br />Midterm: 30%<br />Final: 35%<br />MODULE 1<br />1. Review of basic physics quantities and units of measurement<br />• Definitions and units of measurement of the fundamental physical entities.<br /><br />2. Atomic {extra-nuclear} and Nuclear Structure<br />• A review of atomic structure and the periodic table of the elements:<br />• Nuclear structure and nomenclature<br />• Isotones, isobars, and isomers<br />• The even - odd rule<br />• The neutron : proton ratio<br />• Nuclear energy - the mass defect and nuclear binding energy<br />MODULE 1 QUIZ<br /><br />MODULE 2<br />3. Nuclear transformations {radioactive decay processes}<br />• Decay vs. de-excitation<br />• Alpha decay<br />• Beta minus decay<br />• Beta plus decay<br />• Isomeric transitions – prompt and delayed<br />• Decay schemes<br />MODULE 2 QUIZ<br /><br />MODULE 3<br />4. Radioactivity—Law of Decay, Half Life, and Statistics<br />• Disintegration rate as a function of the number of nuclei present<br />• Radioactivity as a function of initial activity and time<br />• Serial decay and the Bateman equation<br />• Secular vs. transient equilibrium<br />MODULE 3 QUIZ<br /><br /><br />MODULE 4<br />5. Production of radionuclides<br />• Nuclear reactor products – fission products and neutron activated<br />• Accelerator {cyclotron} products<br />MODULE 4 QUIZ<br /><br />MODULE 5<br />6. Ionizing Radiation: Interactions with Matter<br />Part 1: Directly Ionizing<br />• Definition of ionizing radiation<br />• Types and sources of directly ionizing radiation<br />• Linear energy transfer (LET)<br />• The Bragg curve of charged particle interactions<br />• The range of charged particle interaction<br />• Positron interactions and annihilation radiation<br /> MODULE 5 QUIZ<br /><br />MODULE 6<br />7. Ionizing Radiation: Interactions with Matter<br />Part 2: Indirectly Ionizing<br />• Definition of indirectly ionizing radiation<br />• Properties of electromagnetic radiation<br />• The electromagnetic spectrum and ionizing radiation<br />• Photon interactions with matter<br />• Coherent scatter (σcoh)<br />• Photoelectric effect (τ)<br />• Compton scatter (σs or σa)<br />• Pair production (π)<br />MODULE 6 QUIZ<br /><br />MODULE 7<br />8. Ionizing Radiation: Interactions with Matter<br />Part 3: Indirectly Ionizing<br />• Attenuation and shielding<br />• Absorption <br />• Attenuation / absorption coefficients<br />• Total attenuation (absorption) μ = σcoh + τ + σ + π<br />• Mass vs. linear attenuation / absorption coefficient<br />• Mono-energetic photon attenuation / absorption –<br />Ix = Io e-μx<br />• Half-value-layer (HVL) {x= HVL & [Ix / Io] = ½}<br />MODULE 7 QUIZ<br /> <br /><br />MODULE 8<br />9. External {radionuclide} dosimetry<br />• The exposure rate constant {gamma constant} (Γ)<br />• Exposure (R) to dose (rad) conversion<br />• 0.869 rads / R in air<br />• f-factor for tissue<br />• Factors that determine total radiation dose (external)<br />• Source activity (A)<br />• Time (t)<br />• Distance (d)<br />• Shielding (e-μx)<br />• External exposure calculations<br />• Without shielding R = AΓt / d2<br />• With shielding R = (AΓt / d2) (e-μx)<br />MODULE 8 QUIZ<br /><br />MODULE 9<br />10. Radiation detectors<br /> Part I: Gas-filled detectors<br />• Principles (recombination, saturation, proportional, Geiger regions of detector response)<br />• Ionization chambers<br />• Geiger-Muller counters<br />Part II: Scintillation and semiconductor detectors<br />• Scintillation detectors<br />• Solid scintillation detectors: Solid state components, electronics<br />• Gamma-ray spectroscopy<br />• Performance parameters of counting systems (energy resolution, deadtime, detection efficiency)<br />• Special devices: Well counters, thyroid probes<br /> MODULE 9 QUIZ<br /><br />MODULE 10<br />11. Gamma cameras <br />Part I: Principles of operation<br />• Detector<br />• Collimators<br />• Photomultiplier tubes<br />• X-Y position logic<br />• Digital and solid state digital cameras<br />Part II: Performance parameters<br />• Spatial resolution<br />• Sensitivity<br />• Uniformity<br />• Count rate response<br /> MODULE 10 QUIZ<br /> <br /><br />MODULE 11<br />11. Gamma cameras <br />Part I: Principles of operation<br />• Detector<br />• Collimators<br />• Photomultiplier tubes<br />• X-Y position logic<br />• Digital and solid state digital cameras<br /><br />Part II: Performance parameters<br />• Spatial resolution<br />• Sensitivity<br />• Uniformity<br />• Count rate response<br /> MODULE 11 QUIZ<br /><br />MODULE 12<br />12. Special imaging devices<br />Part I: SPECT<br />• Principles<br />• Data acquisition and image reconstruction<br />• Performance parameters<br />• Hybrid devices (SPECT/CT, PET/CT)<br />Part II: PET<br />• Positron-emitting radionuclides<br />• Detectors (block)<br />• Electronics (coincidence timing windows, time-of-flight analysis circuits)<br />• Data acquisition and image reconstruction<br />• Performance parameters<br />• Hybrid devices (SPECT/CT, PET/CT)<br /> MODULE 12 QUIZ<br /><br /><br />MODULE 13<br />13. Internal {radiopharmaceutical} dosimetry<br />• Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) method of calculations<br />• Standardized units and tables<br />• The generalized equation(s)<br />• Parameter definitions and tabulated sources<br />• Accumulative activity determination (~A) in the source organ<br />• Physical, biological, and effective half-times<br />• ~Ai = Ao f Teff [accumulative activity in source organ (i)]<br />• The “S” factor for specific source-target organ sets<br />• Calculating organ doses for multiple source organs<br />• Standard dose tables and factors which modify their values.<br />MODULE 13 QUIZ<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>David S. Graff PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12146194033997671231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2822399299665295786.post-8087723947477441242008-12-01T10:12:00.000-08:002008-12-01T10:13:45.945-08:00New lectures on SPECT and PET-CT<div style="width:425px;text-align:left" id="__ss_806476"><a style="font:14px Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;display:block;margin:12px 0 3px 0;text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/david.s.graff/spect-presentation?type=powerpoint" title="SPECT">SPECT</a><object style="margin:0px" width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://static.slideshare.net/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=spect-1228152819408616-8&stripped_title=spect-presentation" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"/><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/><embed src="http://static.slideshare.net/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=spect-1228152819408616-8&stripped_title=spect-presentation" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"></embed></object><div style="font-size:11px;font-family:tahoma,arial;height:26px;padding-top:2px;">View SlideShare <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/david.s.graff/spect-presentation?type=powerpoint" title="View SPECT on SlideShare">presentation</a> or <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/upload?type=powerpoint">Upload</a> your own.</div></div><br /><br /><div style="width:425px;text-align:left" id="__ss_806475"><a style="font:14px Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;display:block;margin:12px 0 3px 0;text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/david.s.graff/pet-ct-presentation?type=powerpoint" title="PET CT">PET CT</a><object style="margin:0px" width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://static.slideshare.net/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=petct-1228153086301471-8&stripped_title=pet-ct-presentation" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"/><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/><embed src="http://static.slideshare.net/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=petct-1228153086301471-8&stripped_title=pet-ct-presentation" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"></embed></object><div style="font-size:11px;font-family:tahoma,arial;height:26px;padding-top:2px;">View SlideShare <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/david.s.graff/pet-ct-presentation?type=powerpoint" title="View PET CT on SlideShare">presentation</a> or <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/upload?type=powerpoint">Upload</a> your own. (tags: <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://slideshare.net/tag/ct">ct</a> <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://slideshare.net/tag/pet">pet</a>)</div></div>David S. Graff PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12146194033997671231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2822399299665295786.post-16260540099578579032008-11-24T16:53:00.000-08:002008-11-25T08:49:36.526-08:00SPECT resourcesAn invaluable resource for both SPECT and planar gamma cameras is the article <a href="http://jnm.snmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/49/7/1114"><span style="font-style: italic;">Routine Quality Control of Clinical Nuclear Medicine Instrumentation: A Brief Review</span></a> in the Journal of Nuclear Medicine. It is written with an audience of technologists in mind.David S. Graff PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12146194033997671231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2822399299665295786.post-43825575905830693072008-11-23T07:47:00.000-08:002008-11-23T08:52:01.550-08:00Additional HomeworkI put this at the bottom of the previous post, but you might have missed it.<div><br /></div><div>Some of the material in my lecture is not in the book and won't be on the homework. Here is an additional homework problem to ensure that you understand it:</div><br /><div><blockquote>A radiologist reading an image and searching for skin cancer learns that the patient has a family history of skin cancer. How do you think this will affect her interpretation of a lesion which may or may not be skin cancer? Describe how this knowledge could increase or decrease her sensivity and selectivity and why. Show these changes in an R.O.C. graph.</blockquote>See also the Wikipedia pages on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_(tests)">Sensitivity and Specificity</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic">Receiver Operating Characteristic (R.O.C.) Function</a>.</div>David S. Graff PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12146194033997671231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2822399299665295786.post-37538288659252073452008-11-21T18:55:00.000-08:002008-11-21T19:08:38.710-08:00Class notes for Gamma Camera Image Quality<div style="width:425px;text-align:left" id="__ss_777031"><a style="font:14px Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;display:block;margin:12px 0 3px 0;text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/david.s.graff/gamma-camera-image-quality-presentation?type=powerpoint" title="Gamma Camera Image Quality">Gamma Camera Image Quality</a><object style="margin:0px" width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://static.slideshare.net/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=gamma-camera-image-quality-1227322371245982-9&stripped_title=gamma-camera-image-quality-presentation"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><embed src="http://static.slideshare.net/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=gamma-camera-image-quality-1227322371245982-9&stripped_title=gamma-camera-image-quality-presentation" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"></embed></object><div style="font-size:11px;font-family:tahoma,arial;height:26px;padding-top:2px;">View SlideShare <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/david.s.graff/gamma-camera-image-quality-presentation?type=powerpoint" title="View Gamma Camera Image Quality on SlideShare">presentation</a> or <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/upload?type=powerpoint">Upload</a> your own. (tags: <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://slideshare.net/tag/medicine">medicine</a> <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://slideshare.net/tag/nuclear">nuclear</a>)</div><div style="font-size:11px;font-family:tahoma,arial;height:26px;padding-top:2px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size:11px;font-family:tahoma,arial;height:26px;padding-top:2px;">Additional Homework:</div><div style="font-size:11px;font-family:tahoma,arial;height:26px;padding-top:2px;">A radiologist reading an image and searching for skin cancer learns that the patient has a family history of skin cancer. Describe how this knowledge could increase or decrease her sensivity and selectivity and why.</div><div style="font-size:11px;font-family:tahoma,arial;height:26px;padding-top:2px;"><br /></div></div>David S. Graff PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12146194033997671231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2822399299665295786.post-18799472881713050642008-11-20T08:54:00.000-08:002008-11-23T07:46:36.347-08:00Links for image quality in gamma cameras<ul><li>From the IAEA: <a href="http://rpop.iaea.org/RPOP/RPoP/Content/InformationFor/HealthProfessionals/3_NuclearMedicine/Diagnostic_nuclear_medicine_-_equipment_and_examinations.htm">Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine - Image Quality and Quality Control</a></li><li>From Harvard: <a href="http://brighamrad.harvard.edu/education/online/physics/MooreNM/PhysCharacLesson.html">Physical Characteristics of Nuclear Medicine Images</a> (more detail than IAEA, but still not too technical)<br /></li></ul><ul><li><a href="http://www.radiology.arizona.edu/CGRI/IQ/page8/page8.html">A short course in image quality with applications to Nuclear Medicine</a> (state of the art, but very technical)</li><li>Wikipedia pages on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_transfer_function_%28infrared_imaging%29">MTF</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_spread_function">PSF</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_statistics">Poisson statistics</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_noise"> shot noise</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio">signal to noise ratio</a></li></ul><div>Many of the terms that we use to describe image quality are quite general and can be used to describe the quality of any two-dimensional image, not just those from a gamma camera. The online book <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"><a href="http://www.yorku.ca/eye/toc.htm">The Joy of Visual Perception</a></span> discusses many of these functions. See especially the chapter on <a href="http://www.yorku.ca/eye/psf.htm">Point and Line spread functions</a> and <a href="http://www.yorku.ca/eye/mtf.htm">Modulation Transfer Functions</a> and click through the links. </div><div><br /></div>David S. Graff PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12146194033997671231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2822399299665295786.post-74877910274577815692008-11-20T07:38:00.000-08:002008-11-20T07:53:39.487-08:00Useful Nuclear Physics LinksHere are some links that I use to look stuff up.<div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/">Nudat 2</a> is a compendium of facts about every isotope including half-lives, decay radiation and decay pathways.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/contents.html">Physics.nist.gov</a> maintains tables of <a href="http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Star/Text/contents.html">stopping power</a>, <a href="http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/cover.html">X-ray attenuation coefficients</a>, <a href="http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Xcom/Text/XCOM.html">photon cross sections</a>, and many other useful constants.</div><div><br /></div><div>The American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) maintains <a href="http://www.aapm.org/pubs/reports/default.asp">several reports</a> that contain the field consensus on all sorts of useful stuff such as <a href="http://www.aapm.org/pubs/reports/rpt_22.pdf">SPECT Quality Control</a> and <a href="http://www.aapm.org/pubs/reports/RPT_108.pdf">PET shielding requirements</a>.</div>David S. Graff PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12146194033997671231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2822399299665295786.post-85171444705416392532008-11-18T14:46:00.000-08:002008-11-18T15:16:36.977-08:00Class Notes for Gamma Cameras<div style="width:425px;text-align:left" id="__ss_765875"><a style="font:14px Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;display:block;margin:12px 0 3px 0;text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/david.s.graff/gamma-cameras-presentation?type=powerpoint" title="Gamma Cameras">Gamma Cameras</a><object style="margin:0px" width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://static.slideshare.net/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=gamma-cameras-1227048754470298-9&stripped_title=gamma-cameras-presentation"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><embed src="http://static.slideshare.net/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=gamma-cameras-1227048754470298-9&stripped_title=gamma-cameras-presentation" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"></embed></object></div><div style="width:425px;text-align:left" id="__ss_765875"><br /></div><div style="width:425px;text-align:left" id="__ss_765875">For a more in-depth look at Gamma Camera artifacts, please look at<a href="http://www.aapm.org/meetings/amos2/pdf/29-7895-49774-307.pdf"> these slides from the AAPM</a>. Remember to write your questions in the comments below.<br /><div style="font-size:11px;font-family:tahoma,arial;height:26px;padding-top:2px;">View SlideShare <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/david.s.graff/gamma-cameras-presentation?type=powerpoint" title="View Gamma Cameras on SlideShare">presentation</a> or <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://www.slideshare.net/upload?type=powerpoint">Upload</a> your own. (tags: <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://slideshare.net/tag/nuclear">nuclear</a> <a style="text-decoration:underline;" href="http://slideshare.net/tag/medicine">medicine</a>)</div></div>David S. Graff PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12146194033997671231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2822399299665295786.post-72349729091177202552008-11-16T11:42:00.000-08:002008-11-16T11:44:31.085-08:00Welcome to my classI will be taking over the class for Dr. Goodman-Mumma. You may use this blog to ask me any questions about the material or the course, and I will respond. Use <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;">Comments</span> to ask any questions and check back for an answer.David S. Graff PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12146194033997671231noreply@blogger.com0